Victorian Child Labour - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 3 Words: 847 Downloads: 4 Date added: 2019/04/15 Category Society Essay Level High school Tags: Child Labour Essay Did you like this example? Throughout the 19th century, many kids in England were being overworked and put in dangerous situations that could have potentially cost them their lives. Kids were not being right and were having to sacrifice their education so companies could earn a better profit. Child Labour is a well-known term for kids who are worked too hard for their age without much, or no, pay. Broadly speaking, the term child labour is defined as the employment of children in any work that deprives them of their childhood and dignity, and that is harmful to their physical and mental development(Ortin-Ospina). During the 19th century, the new factories and mines were eager to find workers and had simple task that they believed were easy enough to be done by children. This gave companies an idea, they could hire children to do the work by paying them less than an adult. Companies could easily discipline children and would be much cheaper to hire (Child Labour). Kids would start to work some at the age of five or six in agriculture gangs or places far away from their homes. Some children would have to work in the worst forms of child labour for less than minimum wage (Ortin-Ospina). Sometimes you may even find more children working in an area than adults. Because of thei r size and youthful energy there were jobs that children performed as good or even better than adults (Victorian Child Labour). Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Victorian Child Labour" essay for you Create order A majority of kids were hired to work for these low prices. About 120 million children between the ages of 5 and 14 work full-time and another 130 million work park time (The Paradox). The National Archives states that around 49% of the workforce was under 20 in the year 1821(Child Labour). The working conditions that these kids had to work through were horrible. The conditions were so bad that kids were in constant fear of being injured or having their life taken; cave-ins, explosions. The children had to perform multiple different jobs such as coal mining, textile mills, and even prostitution. They would work around fourteen hour days starting and 6 am and working until around 8 pm. They also only made a fraction of what adults made, even though they were worked hareder. Being forced long hours with health risking conditions should have never been allowed. During most of these jobs, health violations made it extremely dangerous. Emma Griffin states in her Article, Child Labour, that, All children laboured under the same disadvantages, though, working for very low pay, performing work that was dirty and dangerous, and usually working long hours as well.(Griffin). Airways in mines were thick due to the or ventilation, lose eyesight from the strain of eyes of trying to s ee because the mines were so dark, and some even formed spine deformation from having to walk being stooped over constantly (Victorian Child Labour). Kids were not protected from their employers and older co-workers (Griffin). There was a chance of kids being beaten up if they had made a mistake, were late, or fell asleep (Victorian Child Labour). The risk of having an accident while working was very high and in Europe in 1825 28.25% of kids ten to thirteen had an incident (Ortin-Ospina). One of the biggest cases that shows of the dangerous of the factories was the case of Martha Appelton in 1859. Martha was thirteen and hired to pick up loose cotten from under the machine. One day, Martha had fainted while doing her work and her hand got caught in an unguarded machine. From this accidnet, all her fingers were sliced off and she ended up being fired for no longer able to work well (Child Labout). Although most parents knew what was going on in the factories there was nothing they could do about it because they needed the money. Roger Langon is an example of this; after his parents found out that he was nearly killed by his drunk coworker, they realized there was nothing they could do because all the other parishs were full and they needed the money (Griffin). While all these kids were working full time jobs, they were not able to recieve an education. Kids were working fourteen hour days, then having to come home to help their parents out at home, then sleep, and do it all again. There was not a few minutes left in the day for them to learn a quick thing. During this century work was valued over education immensly. Although, during the end of the 19th century people started to realize that they wer not little adults and needed to get an education as well (Child Labour). In countries where children tend to work longer hours, it is more common that working children remain out of school (Ortin-Ospina). Laws started to be made to ensure that children would still be recieving and education while working. After 1867 a law was made that determined that no factory could hire a kid under the age of eight and any kid from the age of eight to thirteen were required to recieve ten hours of education a week (Child Labour).

The Revelation Of Beethovens Childhood - 1617 Words

Life as it was for Beethoven had many varying elements, and this research paper will be revealing a lot of what he went through as a young boy all the way to the end of his life and career as the world renowned Ludwig van Beethoven. The basis for this paper is to express and expound on the life and career of Beethoven, and why he was seen as part of the pivotal transition between the Classical and Romantic eras. The topics that will be discussed will be the revelation of Beethoven’s childhood and how he was raised, an expository of his early schooling and composer days, the account of his many composed symphonies, the occurrences during his composition years, and the final tale of his death. The infamous Ludwig van Beethoven was born on†¦show more content†¦There had been numerous accounts given by the neighbors which exhibited that there was a small boy crying while playing a clavier, standing atop a footstool to reach the keys (Ludwig van Beethoven Biography). Lu dwig van Beethoven’s father was known to beat Beethoven for each and every mistake he made, no matter how small the mistake (Ludwig van Beethoven Biography). Nearly every day, Beethoven was flogged and locked in a cellar and deprived of sleep practicing music (Ludwig van Beethoven Biography). He studied the violin, clavier, and took lesson from organists from around the city (Ludwig van Beethoven Biography). Despite his father’s aggression and abusiveness, he still utilized his talent as a musician which made him into one of the greatest composers of all times. In Beethoven’s early years of schooling, he struggled with sums and grammar, and was at best an average student (Ludwig van Beethoven Biography). Some biographer’s believe that Beethoven had a mild form of dyslexia, which left him struggling through his early learning years (Ludwig van Beethoven Biography). Beethoven ever so eloquently stated, â€Å"Music comes to me more readily than wor ds† (Ludwig van Beethoven Biography). â€Å"In 1781, at the age of 10, Beethoven withdrew from school to study music full time with Christian Gottlob Neefe, the newly appointed Court Organist†

Discussion and Analysis Essay Free Essays

Construct a good, solid essay of at least 3 full pages which answers one of the prompts below. In addition to consulting your lecture notes and textbook, you may find it helpful to consult the New Cambridge Medieval History, Vol. I, which may be found in the Walsh Library Reference Room, call number D117. We will write a custom essay sample on Discussion and Analysis Essay or any similar topic only for you Order Now N48. Essays will be graded on content (clarity and coherence) as well as mechanics (grammar and spelling). Late papers will be significantly penalized and any paper later than 24 hours will NOT be accepted. Drafts of papers are to be submitted as hard (printed) copies to both  your editing partner and me. Final versions of papers are to be submitted as hard (printed) copies to me; you will also  include  the marked-up version of your draft. All papers must have 1† margins, be double spaced, and in Times New Roman or Garamond, size 10-12 font. Do not double-space your initial, first page heading. In supporting your observations, you will certainly need to point to specifics in the texts. However, you should not rely on direct quotations and should use them very sparingly. You may not use any quote lengthier than two sentences. No block quotations. Any essay that consists of more than one-quarter direct quotations will receive a D. You should learn how to sum up examples in your own words, but be aware that changing only a few words of someone else is still considered plagiarism. Any time you use a direct quotation or paraphrase something, you need to cite the material. This includes anything from the Chronicle text. For this second essay, your goal is to analytically read primary source materials. As you read and begin to formulate your essay, consider some of the following questions: who is this author? Why are they writing? What is the obvious, surface purpose of this document? Is there a purpose or conclusion that the author reaches which is not so obvious? What fundamental assumptions does the author have about his subject material? How do these assumptions influence or appear in the work, either explicitly or implicitly? How do the attitudes or perceptions of the subject matter change or evolve over time? How does the historical context of each author influence his approach and treatment of his subject matter? These questions should be only the beginning of your inquiry and you certainly are not restricted to them. Use them to formulate your own questions, and then use those questions to help you structure your essay. Often the best essays are built around thesis questions, not thesis statements. Primary source excerpts can be found in your Rosenwein reader or online at the Fordham Medieval Sourcebook and google books. This is a 3 page paper; obviously you cannot use all the sources, however what you choose should make sense for your thesis. The Crusades Tactic I Using the documents listed below, explore what motivated people to go on crusade to the Holy Land in the middle ages. Did their experiences match their expectations? Were they fulfilled, disappointed? How important was morale and how was it kept up? Address strengths and weaknesses of the source material and be sure to make connections between the sources. Tactic II Using the documents listed below, explore what we can learn about memory and different groups’ interpretation of events. Address strengths and weaknesses of the source material and be sure to make connections between the sources. How to cite Discussion and Analysis Essay, Essay examples

Electric Motor free essay sample

No part of this work covered by the copyright herein may be reproduced, transmitted, stored, or used in any form or by any means graphic, electronic, or mechanical, including but not limited to photocopying, recording, scanning, digitizing, taping, Web distribution, information networks, or information storage and retrieval systems, except as permitted under Section 107 or 108 of the 1976 United States Copyright Act, without the prior written permission of the publisher. Vice President, Career and Professional Editorial: Dave Garza Director of Learning Solutions: Sandy Clark Managing Editor: Larry Main The reader is expressly warned to consider and adopt all safety precautions that might be indicated by the activities described herein and to avoid all potential hazards. By following the instructions contained herein, the reader willingly assumes all risks in connection with such instructions. The publisher makes no representations or warranties of any kind, including but not limited to, the warranties of ? tness for particular purpose or merchantability, nor are any such representations implied with respect to the material set forth herein, and the publisher takes no responsibility with respect to such material. The publisher shall not be liable for any special, consequential, or exemplary damages resulting, in whole or part, from the readers’ use of, or reliance upon, this material. Printed in the United States of America 1 2 3 4 5 XX 11 10 09 Contents Preface vi Section 1 Introduction 1 UNIT 1 General Principles of Electric Motor Control 3 UNIT 2 Fractional and Integral Horsepower Manual Motor Starters 17 UNIT 3 Magnetic Line Voltage Starters 23 Section 2 Circuit Layout, Connections, and Symbols UNIT 4 Symbols 51 UNIT 5 49 Interpretation and Application of Simple Wiring and Elementary Diagrams 63 Section 3 Control Pilot Devices UNIT 6 Push Buttons and Control Stations 81 UNIT 7 Relays 87 UNIT 8 Contactors 95 UNIT 9 Timing Relays 103 UNIT 10 Pressure Switches and Regulators 113 UNIT 11 Float Switches 117 UNIT 12 Flow Switches 123 UNIT 13 Limit Switches and Proximity Control 127 UNIT 14 Phase Failure Relays 135 UNIT 15 Solenoid Valves 139 UNIT 16 79 Temperature Switches 143 Section 4 Basic Control Circuits UNIT 17 Two-Wire Controls 149 UNIT 18 Three-Wire and Separate Controls 153 UNIT 19 Hand-Off Automatic Controls 159 UNIT 20 Multiple Push-Button Stations 163 UNIT 21 Interlocking Methods for Reversing Control 165 UNIT 22 Sequence Control 173 UNIT 23 Jogging (Inching) Control Circuits 181 UNIT 24 147 Time-Delay, Low-Voltage Release Relay 187 v Section 5 AC Reduced Voltage Starters UNIT 25 The Motor and Starting Methods 193 UNIT 26 Primary Resistor-Type Starters 199 UNIT 27 Autotransformer Starters 205 UNIT 28 Part Winding Motor Starters 211 UNIT 29 Automatic Starters for Star-Delta Motors 217 UNIT 30 AC Solid-State Reduced Voltage Controller 223 Section 6 Three-Phase, Multispeed Controllers UNIT 31 Two-Speed, One-Winding (Consequent Pole) Motor Controller 239 UNIT 33 31 Controllers for Two-Speed,Two-Winding (Separate Winding) Motors 233 UNIT 32 Four-Speed,Two-Winding (Consequent Pole) Motor Controller 247 Section 7 Wound Rotor (Slip Ring) Motor Controllers UNIT 34 Push-Button Speed Selection 261 UNIT 36 Automatic Acceleration for Wound Rotor Motors 263 UNIT 37 Automatic Speed Control for Wound Rotor Motors 269 UNIT 38 253 Wound Rotor Motors and Ma nual Speed Control 255 UNIT 35 Solid-State Adjustable Speed Controller for AC Wound Rotor Motors 275 Section 8 Synchronous Motor Controls UNIT 39 Push-Button Synchronizing 287 UNIT 41 Timed Semiautomatic Synchronizing 291 The textbook discusses electrical and mechanical components and how they are connected to control different types of motors. Many different types of control circuit and illustrations are discussed. The text contains a wealth of practical information that will apply to almost any industrial application. Â  The text assumes that students have knowledge of basic electrical theory and common series and parallel circuits. Electric Motor Control has been used successfully for both formal classroom training and self study. It is used extensively in preapprentice and indentured apprentice training programs and n organized journeyman electrician classes. The practical approach to motor control makes this a very useful handbook on the job for installing, monitoring, and maintaining control systems. Electric Motor Control provides a very practical approach to a somewhat dif? cult subject. The text is written in easy-to-understand language. Each unit of instruction covers a short, concise topic . Expected student learning is outlined in the objectives at the beginning of each unit. The appendices and glossary provide further explanation of terms and servicing to troubleshooting, which the student is encouraged to use. The ninth edition contains expanded information on overload relays and numerous updated illustrations. The text employs a second color to highlight important concepts. The ninth edition provides an update to a textbook that has long been regarded as an outstanding book on the subject of motor control theory and practical application. Electric Motor Control illustrates control systems, starting with the simplest of equipment, and builds on it in a step-by-step fashion to more complex circuits. Students learn to draw and interpret motor control schematics and wiring diagrams.

Unknown Bacteria Lab Report Sample

Unknown Bacteria Lab Report Paper The two streak plates made from the mixture of unknown bacteria showed two different colony morphologies. Colonies of Bacteria A were translucent in color, circular in form, with entire margins and a smooth surface. Colonies of Bacteria B were cream colored, irregular in form, with undulate margins and an ambulate surface. Two different morphologies allowed Gram stains to be performed on each of the bacterium. Gram staining of Bacteria A revealed pink, rod-shaped cells signifying that the bacterium was Gram-negative and rod-shaped. Next, an oxides test was performed to eliminate one or more of the bacterium choices. P. Organisms was eliminated as the identity of the bacterium when the oxides test results were negative. An EMBED plate of the bacteria was examined to identify whether the bacterium was S. Typhoid or E. Coli. The growth on the EMBED plate was shiny and metallic green, meaning that it was positive for lactose fermentation. S. Typhoid exhibits intermediate lactose fermentation with pink or purple growth on an EMBED plate, so it was eliminated as the possible identity of Bacteria A. To confirm the identity of Bacteria A as E. Coli, an Underwrote test inoculated with Bacteria A was observed. The Bibcock confirmed the identity of Bacteria A as E. Coli. Gram staining of Bacteria B revealed purple, rod-shaped cells signifying that the bacterium was Gram-positive and rod-shaped. The shape of the bacterium eliminated Cisco-shaped S. Erasures and S. Epidermises as possibilities for the identity of Bacteria B. Next, an endoscope stain of the bacteria was examined to identify whether the bacterium produced spores or not. We will write a custom essay sample on Unknown Bacteria Lab Report specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Unknown Bacteria Lab Report specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Unknown Bacteria Lab Report specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer The stain showed red ells with green spores, indicating that the bacterium did produce spores. The results of the endoscope stain confirmed the identity of Bacteria B as B. Subtitle. Table 1 lists all of the biochemical tests, their purpose and results. The results are also shown in flow chart form in Table 2. RESULTS Test Purpose Reagents Observations Results Gram Stain To determine the gram reaction of bacteria Crystal violet, Iodine, Alcohol, Seafaring Unknown A: pink rods Unknown B: Purple rods Unknown A: gram negative bacilli Unknown B: gram positive bacilli Oxides Test To determine the presence of oxides Oxides paper Unknown A: yellow Unknown A: negative for oxides Lactose Fermentation Test To determine if bacteria ferments lactose EMBED plate Unknown A: shiny, green, metallic colonies Unknown A: positive for lactose fermentation Endoscope Stain To determine if bacteria produces endoscopes Malachite green, Steam, Seafaring Unknown B: red cells with green spores Unknown B: Positive for producing endoscopes Underwrote To identify gram negative interchangeable Unknown A: code 24160 Unknown A: E. Coli Table 1: Biochemical tests performed on Unknown A and Unknown B.

Financial Inclusion Through India Post Essay Example

Financial Inclusion Through India Post Essay Example Financial Inclusion Through India Post Essay Financial Inclusion Through India Post Essay Dr. Joji Chandran PhD ABSTRACT India is having the most widely distributed post office system in the world. With 1,55,333 post offices, the India post comes under the Department of Posts which is a part of the Ministry of Communications and Information Technology under the Government of India. The wide distribution network of India post is one important factor that favours india post as a channel for financial inclusion in India. The search of financial inclusion appears to be a tough task. Sustained growth of the nation and its continued prosperity depend critically on universal financial services covering all people. Further, empirical evidence shows that inclusive financial system significantly raises growth, alleviate poverty and expand economic opportunity. In India, the India post when linked to banks in a gradual way initially through saving and later through loan product is considered to be an effective strategy to ensure financial inclusion in this backdrop. This paper examines the scope of India Post in the inclusion (Access) of excluded poor households. INTRODUCTION Financial Inclusion The delivery of financial services to the low income group at affordable cost is termed as financial inclusion. The term financial inclusion has gained importance since the early 2000s, and is a result of findings about the unavailability of banking services to the poor (financial exclusion) and its direct correlation to poverty. Financial inclusion is now a common objective for many central banks among the developing nations. The two approaches used for financial inclusion is microfinance and Islamic banking. : Financial Inclusion covers a wide array of services by banking sector. According to Mor and Anath (2007) financial inclusion, at a minimum, may be interpreted to mean the ability of every individual to access basic financial services which include savings, loans and insurance in a manner that is reasonably convenient and flexible in terms of access and design and reliable in the sense that savings are safe and that insurance claim will be paid with certainity. Rao (2007) was of the opinion that though the inancial inclusion covers a wide array of services by the banking sector, one crucial area relate to borrowings from banks by the lower strata of unorganized segment of the economy. Further, debt owed to institutional and non-institutional sources could be used as barometer of degree of financial inclusion in the two sectors. Thorat (2007) used the percentage of adult population having bank accounts as a measure of financial inclusion in the payment system. Similarly she used the pe rcentage of adult population having loan account as a measure of financial inclusion in formal credit market. India Post The apex body of the department is the Postal Service Board. The board consists of a chairman and three members. The three members hold the portfolios of Operations amp; Marketing, Infrastructure amp; Financial Services, and Personnel. The Joint Secretary and Financial Advisor to the Board is also a permanent invitee to the Board. India has been divided into 22 postal circles. Each circle is headed by a Chief Postmaster General. Each Circle is further divided into Regions comprising field units, called Divisions, headed by a Postmaster General. Other functional units like Circle Stamp Depots, Postal Stores Depots and Mail Motor Service may exist in the Circles and Regions. Million’s of people in India live below poverty line with the per capita income of less than one dollar per day. The policy makers and practitioners who have been trying to improve the lives of these poor and fight against poverty. This got reflected in the successive fiver-year plans, which had the objectives of ‘growth and equity’ and ‘social justice’. The planners however, realized that rapid growth did not bring about ‘trickle down’ effect, particularly so in rural areas. This realization led to the restructuring of institutions and schematic lending to facilitate better accessibility of credit for the underprivileged. Thus, initiatives in this regard were taken by building an institutional frame work through nationalization of banks, creation of regional rural banks. The government sponsored several programmes and projects to bring the excluded poor into the mainstream â€Å"development†. These programmes failed achieve its goals. And many now believe that government assistance to the poor often creates dependency and disincentives that make matters worse, not better. Moreover, despite decades of aid, communities and families appear to be increasingly fractured, offering a fragile foundation on which to build. Table No. 1. Bank Penetration Rates among working age paid workforce’s in India Workforce Category| Total| Rural| Urban| All earners aged 18-59 years| 45%| 38%| 62%| Shopkeepers| 72%| 65%| 79%| Dairy farmers| 59%| 59%| 62%| Traditional farmers| 45%| 45%| 51%| Street Vendors| 39%| 35%| 45%| Semi amp; Skilled wage labourers| 34%| 32%| 37%| Artisans amp; Craftsman| 26%| 22%| 37%| Home based workers| 25%| 20%| 38%| Agricultural wage labourers| 14%| 14%| 12%| Other daily wage labourers| 18%| 15%| 26%| Source: Invest India Incomes and Savings Survey, 2007 While considering the total number of customers and the total number of branches, the post office savings bank is the largest bank in India. The bank does not discriminate between rich customer or a poor customer. One of the biggest problems in rural India is that the population is not accustomed to formal banking and turns to local moneylenders in times of need. Out of fear for their livelihood, farmers only approach money lenders for special situations, such as medical emergencies, their children’s weddings or religious ceremonies. As traditional banks do not grant credit for these kinds of expenses, the central bank issued a â€Å"kisaan credit card† for farmers, designed to enable them to borrow money in precisely those circumstances. In view of the crucial role of savings, the central bank decided to collaborate with India Post in 2006. The latter looks back on a very long history as a savings institution (since 1882).

Childhood Obesity Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Childhood Obesity - Research Paper Example Moreover, when children are not breastfed to the expected age, they develop high chances of suffering from obesity. Television and media are other major causes of obesity in children. This is because children spend much of their time watching television programs and movies, which denies them time for physical activities as well as exposing them to unhealthy eating advertisements. In addition, children end up snacking since they lack enough time to eat well (Cdc.gov, 2012). According to Emedicinehealth.com (2012), obesity can be inherited from family members. A child’s family can also influence the childs lifestyle and eating habits, leading to obesity. Childhood obesity increases the chances of developing other related diseases. There are both immediate and long-term health effects of childhood obesity. Immediate health effects include; high blood pressure, pre-diabetes, joint problems, low self-esteem and stigmatization. Furthermore, obese children are likely to become obese as adults and hence at a very high risk of developing long-term health effects like stroke, heart disease and diabetes. Moreover, they are at a high risk of several types of cancer like cancer of the pancreas, breast, ovary, and colon among others. Childhood obesity can be prevented through adequate breastfeeding in infancy and encouraging healthy lifestyles in children, including physical exercise and healthy feeding. Social institutions such as communities, families, hospitals, faith-based institutions and schools among others can facilitate this. The school as an institution particularly plays a very important role to a childs health. Through schools, children learn about healthy living in terms of dietary and behaviors on physical exercises and activities. They in turn practice what they learn with their peers as well as discussing it with their family members when at home (Cdc.gov, 2012 & Emedicinehealth.com, 2012). Evidently, childhood

Nursing Research and Evidence-Based Practice Essay

Nursing Research and Evidence-Based Practice - Essay Example There is an avid need of EBP to understand the pattern in which these issues have been causing severity (Polit & Beck, 2012). The recent clinical experience also focused on the gland swelling after chemotherapy. However, EBP present in this area has rather allowed nurses to treat patients with protocol which cannot cause anymore rash to the glands because of excessive Taxol agents. As a matter of fact, my affiliation with my health care organization gives me a free hand to opt for EBP. The impression of EBP has relatively become very imperative. Policy makers would surely like to fund EBP because it is more likely to help the institution in a long run. The barrier as discussed by Adams (2010) regarding utilization of research and survey is one which is being experienced at the institution as well (Adams, 2010). The approach to make sure that this barrier is not coming in the way is to provide a mandatory submission for staff regarding nursing practices. If research and survey will be obliged then it is expected that the trend of research and its utilization will become easier and relatively

Report 1b Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words - 1

Report 1b - Essay Example This report tries to put across some of these concepts that media has impacted to people. The ideas are sampled from the comments made by other students on the same and other sources whose link is given for one to get more information on the same Social responsibility is vital fo companies as this make it survive as it intarracts with the community. Sustainability of the enterprise requires an active social responsibility that attracts more customers to deal with the enterprise http://www.gulf-daily-news.com/NewsDetails.aspx?storyid=395681. This elaborates the need of incorporation of social resposibility for business sustenance and advantages in competition although the stategy may lead to a lowprofit making (DuBrin, 2012). The other vital link illustrates the enhancement of gender diversity by Microsoft in the workplace. There is exploration of diversity in gender at workplace in the Microsoft office. Through this the company has achieved gender leadership diversity with women in executive positions (DuBrin, 2012). Diversity in workplace is important in improving innovativeness and overall performance. Transformation in work environment using initiative ‘New World of Work’ that enables employees to work from any place using technology. This diversity improves productivity of the employees http://www.humanresourcesonline.net/enabling-gender-diversity-workplace/. This explains not only the gender diversity but also diversity culture of working with new technology.this information is relevant in current diversity issues in workplace. Gilli comments that the ethical of the food companies. (Kattasova, 2014) Here there is the case environmental context of leadership and ethics in addition to social responsibility. There is the highlighting of theses issues through rating firms basing on their different activities. Its facilitated through a mean of ensuring strict

The Agrotourism In Malaysia Tourism Essay

The Agrotourism In Malaysia Tourism Essay Agrotourism is also known as agritourism and farm-based tourism. Agrotourism is actually the collaborations between tourism and agriculture since the visitor go to travelling as tourist to enjoy, relaxation, spend time and money for joyfullness and happiness in addition to visiting agricultural area, doing agricultural-related activities like harvesting, planting, fishing, and etc. It is a form of tourism in agricultural areas such as orchards, agroforestry farms, herbal farms and animal farms. According to World Tourism Organisation (WTO, 2002) that agrotourism is part of rural tourism and relates to tourism on farms. It gives farmers the opportunities to expand their activities and also to increase their income. Agrotourism is just a small part of rural tourism and agricultural practice worldwide, excluding in some European countries such as Austria, France, Italy and Switzerland, where the number of farms that offer some form of tourism is remarkably large. Agrotourism has differe nt definitions in different parts of the world. In Italy, it refers to farmstays. However in other parts of the world, agrotourism includes a wide range of activities which comprises of buying produce direct from a farm stand, navigating a corn maze, picking fruits, feeding animals or staying at a BB (bed and breakfast inn) on a farm. Agrotourism covers a wide range of agriculture-related activities about which visitors learn and can try them out by themselves. In ASEAN countries like Thailand, rice farming, flower growing, vegetable and herb cultivation and livestock farming are some common examples of agrotourism. Agrotourists or visitors are exposed to agricultural practices in a more leisure fashion, such as by joining picturesque canal tours or strolling through shady fruit orchards (tasting the fruits right from the trees) and working in rice farms. Almost all the agricultural research and study centres scattered throughout the country are supporting the agrotourism. Visitors are allowed to tour the centres, watch the demonstrations or take part in the hands on activities. Agrotourism and ecotourism are also closely-related. Agrotourism is when a native person or locals of the area offer the tours to their agriculture farm to allow a person to view them growing, harvesting and processing locally grown foods such as coconuts, pineapple, sugar cane, corn or any produce the person would not encounter in their home country. The farmers would also offer a homestay programme and education for the visitors. Activities that usually be offered to agrotourists or visitors: Opportunities for interaction between hosts and guests (visitors) Horseback riding Demonstrating and participating in daily farm work Providing courses in organic farming and gardening Demonstrating or offering classes in making traditional local crafts Demonstrating food processing, serving typical local dishes and offering cooking lessons Organising cultural events Offering excursions to natural and cultural attractions in the surroundings Exhibitions of agrotourist products Agrotourism in many European countries consists primarily of lodging and meals on the farm. Farm buildings are often remodeled by the farm families into rustic lodging facilities, and operate them as a type of bed and breakfast (BB) inn. Some farms especially in Switzerland, do little more than clean out a barn and spread straw on the floor, upon which people roll out sleeping bags. Other farms will provide fairly upscale accommodations for the visitors. Visitors are also able to tour the farms, help out with some farm chores and have meals with the farm family. Invariably, they experience life on the farm genuinely. In England, 23% of farms provide some type of commercial leisure service enterprise such as fishing, nature trails, picnic sites and so forth whereas 24% of English farms provide overnight accommodation and/or catering (Turner and Winter, 2003). In countries like France, hikers and cyclists can follow a network of trails around the country that leads from farm to farm. In the Netherlands and some other European countries, the farmers have centralized clearinghouses for contacting and booking stays services on working farms. Agrotourism, while new to many types of American agriculture, has been a major part of the development of the American wine industry for decades. Many wineries are part of organized regional wine tours, and some special events such as concerts, festivals, and weddings are also held for attractions. And another form of agrotourism that has been around for decades is dude ranches. Dude ranches are more common in the United States and Australian Outback. It offers vi sitors the opportunity to work on cattle ranches and the chance to take part in the cattle drives. In Australia, Canada and the Philippines, agrotourism is deemed as a growth industry. Reynolds (2005) mentions that agrotourism is a type of businesses conducted by farmers whose working agricultural operations for the enjoyment and education of visitors. Since it can complement farmers income and contribute to local economic development, agrotourism is being conceptualized as a business model in terms of product diversification. Referred to as agriturismo in Italy, sleeping in the straw in Switzerland, farmstays in New Zealand, and farm holidays in England, agrotourism is well established throughout Europe and in many other countries (Rilla, 1999a). Agrotourism enterprise as a business conducted by a farm operator or farmer for the enjoyment and education of the public beside promoting the products of the farm, and generating additional farm income (Hilchey, 1993:4). Although the farmers may not always have the time, moneys and necessary skills and expertise to develop the tourism p otential of their business, agriculture and public sector tourism organizations are always promoting agrotourism (Stephen J. and Getz, Don (eds)). Trends of Agrotourism Agrotourism was recognized as a part of ecotourism formerly as both have similar principles to conduct nature attractions (Rilla 1999). Both have been identified as the fastest tourism development model in the world. They have been widely developed in developing countries as a potential development models as natural resources and support of local society economically (OTA, 1992). At the moment, agrotourism has successfully developed in many countries, for instance Switzerland, New Zealand, France, Netherlands, Australia, and Austria (Rilla 1999). In Indonesia, there are eight provinces trying to develop agrotourism such as North Sumatera with rubber and palm plantations, Riau with cacao plantations, West Java by botanical gardens, Central Java and Daerah Istimewa Yogjakarta by salak pondoh agrotourism in Sleman, East Java by sugar plantations, Nusa Tenggara Barat by Rinjani ecotourism, Middle of Kalimantan and West of Kalimantan by palm plantations. Currently, they are still simply managed with limited facilities and are not developed on community-based model, and have not been well promoted (Indonesian Agriculture Department, 2005). Previously, agrotourism attraction was only interpreted as panorama attractions and plantations area, but now agrotourism has been interpreted as a linkage system between tourism and agriculture sectors as well as a model of region development (Indonesia Agriculture Department, 2005). Application of Agrotourism Agrotourism is highly dependent on the type of agricultural activity that is practiced in that particular area. In other words, this means that not all agrotourism destinations in the world provide the same agricultural activities. So in this subtopic, we are going to introduce and discuss about some famous agrotourism destinations in our country, Malaysia. This will definitely exposed us the similarities and differences among the agrotourism destinations throughout the world. First of all, let us look at Malaysias agrotourism spots. There are some famous examples of destinations such as: (i) Cameron Highland (ii) Taman Pertanian Sabah (iii) Parit Jawa Johor (i) Cameron Highland Cameron Highlands is Malaysias premier hill resort. Located in the state of Pahang, on the Main Range of Peninsular Malaysia, at 1524m above sea level, it is the largest of the Malaysian hill resorts. Much of its appeal lies in the net sprawling tea plantations which date back to 1929, as well as terraced flower gardens, strawberry farms, orchard and vegetable gardens. Being a popular hill resort, Cameron Highlands is well-developed with visitor amenities, tourist attractions, activities and a range of accommodation for a comfortable, leisurely holiday in cool invigorating climate. The cool climate which never ranged more than 20 degree Celsius, along with its fertile soil also attracts tourist from various places. Initially, the virgin jungle cleared for cultivation of tea bushes. Thus began Boh Estate, the first highland tea plantation in the country. Subsequently, other tea estates were opened, among them, the Blue Valley and Bharat plantations. The highland was also found to be conducive for the commercial cultivation of vegetables, flowers and fruits such as oranges and strawberries. The increasing popularity of Cameron Highlands in recent years has attracted the development of more tourism facilities and spots to cater to the growing number of visitors. The practice of agrotourism can be observed in various agricultural places which is well equipped with facilities in Cameron Highlands. This is important as the combination of both agriculture and tourist attraction forms agrotourism. There are many activities and places to be visited in Cameron Highlands in the context of agrotourism such as: (a) Sungai Palas Tea Estate It is one of the four tea states on the highlands, also produces the world famous BOH TEA. Tourists may travel 1 km into this estate where the factory is located. Resident guides will introduce the complex processes involved in the production of fragrant tea. These include the picking of tea leaves and the intricate art of brewing a good cup of tea. Tourists can even purchase some tea, the main produce of the highland, as a souvenir. (b) Apiary- Honeybee Farm Apiary- Honeybee farm is a small cottage industry for the production of honey. It is a garden ere some 25 varieties of flowers have been cultivated not for sale, but as a food supply for honey bees in search of nectar and pollen. Honey, believe it contain amazing ingredients for treating ailments such as insomnia, lethargy, skin diseases and even impotence. (c) Strawberry Farm Strawberries are another unique and proud product of the Highlands, seen as a trademark of the hill resort. The variety is known as FRESNO. Tourist will not leave the farm without a jar of strawberry jam. (d) Flower Nurseries Fresh flowers are cultivated in the highlands and are a leading export. Most of the flowers are grown in Brinchang. Bloom like roses, chrysanthemum, carnations, dahlia, geranium and everlasting flowers are grown in the nurseries. No visit to the highlands is complete without purchasing some of these colourful cuts to take back home. (e) Vegetable Farm Cameron Highlands is the nations prime producer of fresh vegetables, with some of the produce exported to neighbouring countries. Most of the vegetable farms can be spotted from the road along Brinchang to Tringkap. Cabbages, cauliflower, tomatoes, carrots, leeks, parsley and pepper are grown here. Purchases can be made at the vegetable stalls. (ii) Taman Pertanian Sabah Taman Pertanian Sabah is part of the 1500 acres of the Agriculture Research Station, Lagud Sebrang Tenom which is administered and owned by the Agriculture Department Sabah. It is a complex consisting of the Agriculture Research Station, Seed production Centre for Cash Crop, Farmers Training Centre and Taman Pertanian Sabah itself. The Park sprawled over an area of 500 acres. The park was first opened to visitors in October 2000, and was officially launched by the former Prime Minister of Malaysia Tun Dr. Mahathir Mohamad on the 25 March, 2001. With its rich biodiversity, the Park has a magnificent collection for indigenous and introduced plants species. It is also a conservation centre for native Orchids of Borneo. This park would become a heritage for the next generation and this will help to educate people in nature conservation and the preservation of natural rainforest through cultivation of trees, shrubs, plants and flowers. The lush greenery, multitude species of plants or flowers of endemic to Borneo Island and very rare, panoramic view of the lakes, captivating landscaped gardens provide an excellent base to expand your knowledge and ideal environment for those who seek peace, quiet and tranquility away from stressed and urban noise. This park also provides a great trekking ground as well as nature walks and jungle activities. The park is blessed with Mother Natures treasures. The park is a showcase of integrated activities carried out by all the Departments and Agencies under the Ministry of Agriculture Development and Food Industry. It also serves as a training and education centre for agriculture, horticulture, apiculture, seed production, forestry, fishery and animal husbandry. It is divided into four key areas: (a) Agriculture This included Living Crop Museum, Demonstration Farms, Agro forestry, Bee Centre and Germplasm collection. (b) Horticulture This include Native Orchid Centre, Hybrid Orchid, Evolution garden, Model Garden and Ornamental Garden (c) Animal Husbandry This included Animal Park and Animal Farm. (d) Fisheries This included Freshwater Fishing. Objectives of Taman Pertanian Sabah are firstly, as a major Agrotourism centre in the state. Secondly, to provide demonstration farms for Agricultural activities, Animal breeding and Fisheries. Thirdly, to serve as a centre for training and demonstration on Agriculture, Horticulture, Fishery, Apiculture, Seed Technology, Forestry and Animal Husbandry. Next is to provide facilities for nature-based recreational activities and the final objective is to promote awareness and love for nature. (iii) Parit Jawa Johor The following agrotourism destination that i recommended is a place which situated On the western coast of Johor, lies a small town called Parit Jawa. The main attraction here especially during the October-March migration season, is the birdlife. Despite the busy river mouth near the jetty the bird fauna seems unperturbed. The most noticeable of the birds are the Lesser Adjutants of the family of Storks, by sheer virtue of their endangered status and size. Standing at 120 cm tall, with a white body and dark grey wings this species is unmistakable. Its head is virtually bald, apart from a sparse covering of fine hair-like feathers. There are only 2000 odd numbers left in the world and its cousin, the Greater Adjutant, not found in Malaysia, is critically endangered with only 500 odd left in the wild. To be able to sight these amazing prehistoric looking birds is worth the weekend to this classic, pre-war-looking town of Parit Jawa. Birdlife The main attraction of Parit Jawa, especially during the October-March migration season, is the birdlife.  Though there is a regular traffic of fishing boats winding its way through the muddy channels, and though there are local people going about their business near the jetty the bird fauna seems unperturbed.  The most noticeable of the birds are the Lesser Adjutants, by sheer virtue of their size.  Standing at 120 cm tall, with a white body and dark grey wings this species is unmistakable. Comically, its head is virtually bald, apart from a sparse covering of fine hair-like feathers.  Ã‚   Active during the day, these storks feed on fish and amphibians such as the Crab-eating Frog. Once seized, the prey is subjected to a series of stabs with its powerful beak, before being swallowed whole.  At nights the storks roost in mangrove trees along the coast.   Nesting occurs mainly during the dry season, either in small colonies or as single nests.     Ã‚  Other shorebirds not commonly seen in Malaysia but which may be sighted at Parit Jawa include the Great Knot Calidris tenuirostris, the Eurasian Curlew Numenius arquata and the Grey-tailed Tattler Heteroscelus brevipes.  Ã‚   Egrets and smaller herons are easily seen, including the Chinese Pond Heron Ardeola bacchus.  The Striated Heron Butorides striatus is very common, and is often seen perched close to the jetty or stalking small fish around the moored fishing boats.   Flocks of terns are often seen following fishing vessels back to harbour, swooping down to pluck small fish from the waters churned up by the boats propellers.   Kingfishers are common too, including migrants such as the Common Kingfisher Alcedo atthis and the Black-capped Kingfisher Halcyon pileata; there are numerous sticks or posts close to the jetty where they like to perch.  Ã‚   Fishing Village For visitors unfamiliar with the laid-back charms of rural Malaysia the fishing village of Kuala Parit Jawa serves as a fine example.   The tidal inlet is crowded with wooden vessels which fish the muddy waters of the Straits of Malacca, and there are a number of open-air seafood restaurants specialising in spicy fish recipes.   Add to that a couple of brightly coloured Chinese temples and modest Malay kampung houses surrounded by banana, papaya and durian orchards and you have a scene of rural tranquility. Mud and Mangroves Beyond the rickety wooden jetty at the mouth of Kuala Parit Jawa is a wide expanse of mud, which is  exposed at low tide.   The coastal mudflats of the Straits of Malacca are rich in organic content, supporting an abundance of invertebrate life including worms, snails, bivalves, crabs and prawns.   In turn these food groups support a rich web of higher species including fish such as mudskippers, reptiles such as water snakes and monitors, and a wide range of bird species.  Ã‚  Mammals too live in the adjacent mangroves; groups of  Long-tailed Macaque Macaca fascicularis regularly venture out of the mangroves and onto the mudflats, probably to feed upon crabs hence their other name Crab-eating Macaque.   The Oriental Small-clawed Otter Aonyx cinerea can also be sighted here.   Implications of Agrotourism Agrotourism has contributed much to both the economic and social sector in our country development. However, there are positive and negative implications of agrotourism. First of all, agrotourism contributes lots in improving the economy of the local communities. When we are promoting about agrotourism, we are actually promoting both the agriculture and tourism as they are combined in this sector. Places of agriculture will sell the products and induce the tourism of the place at the same time. As a result, tourists will buy the agriculture products and spending for tour cost such as accommodation as well. Besides, agrotourism will help to increase the value of the village. For instance, the residents can provide home stay-themed-accommodation for the tourists. Home stay is a form of program that allows the tourists to live with a local family to experience their lifestyle. Besides this program, by spending on the service provided or products bought, the tourists can increase the incomes of the residents in rural area. This additional income will help to raise the status of the residents. Thus, the poverty rate in rural area can be decreased. Other  opportunity  generated from agrotourism is providing local employments. The residents of rural area, especially the youths, can work on accommodation service, tour guide service, restaurant or handicraft industry. This will decrease the migration of youths to cities. Thus, agrotourism helps improving the social situations, particularly poverty alleviation, decreasing unemployment and declining urbanization. Generating agrotourism-related businesses  is the most potential opportunity of agrotourism development. Due to the increasing amount of the tourists, traditional cakes or chips are produced in order to introduce the local food to them. In the handicraft industry, souvenir such as batik and canes products are made to sell to the tourists. To maintain the amount of visitors, agricultural product improvements and stimulations of tourism-related  enterprises are done. Last but not least, abandoned land can be developed in the practice of agrotourism. The development of agrotourism brings about the utilization of lands. These lands can turn out to be a new tourist attraction spot. They can be used as aquaculture rearing, orchard farm or recreational park. Nevertheless, agrotourism has its negative effects towards the environment when it is over-developed. Climatic change is one of the major problems which the agrotourism sector caused. Recently, we can see the global temperature is increasing drastically from year to year. The best example is Cameron Highland, a place that practice agrotourism. It was known as a cold place but now, the temperature is actually increasing. This has caused the crop yield of the agriculture products such as vegetable and fruits to decrease because these plants are only suitable in temperate condition. Another negative effect that we can see is the pollution problem. Extensive agrotourism activities have released polluting by-products which results in environmental problems. The increasing number of tourists causes air pollution in a particular area as they using vehicles which release greenhouse gases such as carbon dioxide and nitrogen oxides. These polluting gases are emitted into the atmosphere and translate into the acid rain. Acid rain has adverse affect on the plants, fresh water and soil because it can kills some of the living organisms. Besides, the excessive use of chemical fertilizers and pesticides also result in soil pollution. Excessive use of chemical pesticides which exceed permissible limit causes undesirable health effects and reduces biodiversity. Continuous use of fertilizer that contains heavy metals such as cadmium in phosphate rocks will pollute the soil and render the crops to be toxic. When the rain falls, the pollutants in soil will be brought to the river along with the rain, which will then cause water pollution. In addition, increases in use of chemical fertilizer results in higher level of nitrates being washed from the soil into the water ecosystem. This causes an excessive enrichment of the water, eutrophicaton, leading to rapid algal growth that creates oxygen deficit and killing of aquatic life. This chain reaction will further affect our ecosystem and biodiversity. When agrotourism is allowed to develop without proper planning, deforestation might happen. As this sector is growing rapidly, more and more land is required. So, the limited availability of land will lead to deforestation. Deforestation will brings to decrease in the wildlife population and at a more critical state, the biodiversity of the area will be affected. Consequently, there will be agricultural mismanagement which results in less arable land for agriculture and at the meantime, affect the agrotourism sector. Constraints of Agrotourism Lack of promotion is another constraint of agrotourism. Advertisement related to agrotourism is not established to a wider range of places. People will not have much information about the agrotourism places. Besides, the pamphlets that provide incomplete information will confuse the tourists. The information given may not be interesting or fascinating enough to attract the tourists. Furthermore, many places are lack of tour guides to introduce the places to the tourists. These will deter them from visiting the agrotourism spot. The authorities should promote the uniqueness of each village to strengthen the destination by combining with other related activities to reach the goals of agrotourism. Facilities also play an important role in the development of agrotourism. The hardest barriers of agrotourism development are inadequate infrastructures, limited public facilities and imperfect human resource skills. It will be a trouble when the facilities such as transportation, hotel and toilet do not fulfill the tourists demands. Another problem in agrotourism is insufficient government supports. Due to the small amount of governmental expenditure on research and development of agrotourism, technical assistance and support, as well as agro-marketing, agrotourism always faces problems in developing. Government empowerment, investment in agricultural sectors, infrastructure development, human skill improvement, public facilities development, and local communities empowerment and involvement need to be immediately committed to apply an ideal agrotourism. Besides, the younger generation is the important factor in the development of agrotourism. However, they are not concerned and interested about the greenery. From their point of view, agrotourism spot is not an interesting place to travel and it is not worth to go for such an unmemorable and uncomfortable trip. Water World or Extreme Park will draw more attention from them. Also, they are not interested to work in the agrotourism sector. Fresh graduates are not enthusiastic about the job in agrotourism as they thought it is not well-paid compared to the professional sector. As a consequence, there is no new generation to take over this sector. Lastly, scarce investment is a big problem for agrotourism sector. It is more risky to invest in this sector compared to the other sectors which are stable in development. Investors are less likely to invest in agrotourism as this sector is not a popular trend in the world yet. All in all, the government, non-governmental organizations, and even the people of our country should do their best to contribute to agrotourism. The government should not just fork out money in maintenance. Instead, they should find alternatives in supporting the development of agrotourism. Solutions to solve the constraints and implement to improve this sector should be their priority concern. Ways to Improve Agrotourism In Malaysia Agrotourism and homestay programmes provided opportunities for local involvement and additional sources of income. A total of 19 agro-tourism locations were developed with the participation of farmers and fishermen during the Seventh Plan period. The products included day visits, farm-stay and agro-tourism packages. Agrotourism is rapidly carving a niche in Malaysia, especially as the country has a wealth of products to offer locals and visitors alike. Agricultural tourism, as it is formally known, helps by improving incomes and economic potentials of small farms, rural communities and agro-based ventures throughout the country. Visitors can also help with the locals daily chores, feeding the ducks, tending to the vegetables and see how the local communities thrive in todays fast-paced world. There are also homestays where visitors can discover more of local agrotourism practices. There are also fruit farms and parks where locals and visitors can learn more of agroutourism in Malaysia. In Malaysia, an agriculture park measuring over 10000 hectares has been opened, showing visitors how Malaysian agriculture has developed. For example, Cameron Highland located at Pahang and Dusun d Paradise that is situated in Melaka. These places have become tourist hotspot as it offer variety of activity and different experience for tourist. Malaysia Agriculture, Horticulture and Agrotourism ( MAHA ) is the main organization that promotes the practice of agrotourism. Today, the industry is still growing and need a lot of improvement to achieve optimum benefit. Supportive government policies are one of the ways of improvement. It maintains a business environment with oppurtunities for growth and profits have made agrotourism in Malaysia an attractive sector. The private sector in Malaysia is encouraged to become partners with the public sector in achieving the nations development objectives. Governments commitment to maintain a business environment should be the main objective that provides companies with the opportunities for growth and profits. Government can also pay constant feedback from the business community through channels of consultation such as regular government- private sector dialogues. These allow the various business communities to air their views and to contribute towards the formulation of better agrotourism. Air, land and sea transportation will be continuously upgraded to facilitate accessibility and the growth of the tourism industry. The comfort, safety and security of tourists are crucial for the success of the agrotourism industry. The government will increase security patrols, especially in remote tourist resorts, to ensure the safety of tourists. At the same time, adherence to safety measures in the transportation of passengers by road, rail, sea and air will remain a top priority. Operators, guides and instructors in the tourism business will need to be more conscious of the well-being of tourists and strive to ensure their comfort and safety. In addition, further efforts will be made to provide tourists with quality goods and services at reasonable prices. Over the years, extensive promotional campaigns have been engineered both locally and overseas to attract tourists from around the world. Despite the economic slowdown, the tourism industry remains strong. Today, Malaysia is one of the most popular tourist destinations in Asia. This will allow the agrotourism industry to continuously expanding. Government must take initiative, which are undertaken by its official tourism promotional board, Tourism Malaysia. This will create potential investment opportunities in many areas. Tourism Malaysia has established video clips in local television programme to promote agrotourism. Stable political condition is also essential for marketing in agrotourism even for major tourist attractions. Government should ensure the political condition is always stable so as to allow the continuous of tourist flowing into the country, thus promoting agrotourism. Besides that, this will make investor feel secure and allow them to expand the field safely. Malaysia government should offers investors a young, educated and productive workforce at costs competitive with the other countries in Asia. This will allow the investors to develop and practice agrotourism in a more convenient way. Thus, this will attract more investors to develop in Malaysia and directly contribute to the countrys economy. The investors also need to play their role to improve the practice of agrotourism. They should provide better infrastructure for their customers such as transports, accommodations and catering facilities. They must provide good transport links because even attractive regions can be almost impossible to market for tourism if they are not accessible from the population centres. Investors should ensure that the agriculture they planted must be in healthy condition and always fresh to attract more people to come and have a tour. Investors can cooperate with government to create partnership with travel agency of other country to promote local agrotourism. Tour agency can provide attractive tour packages and promotion for the tourist where is the investor will give cheaper price for the agent. This is a form of symbiosis interaction between the tour agent and investor. Both parties will get benefit from the interaction. Investor must provide wide d

Othello the Outsider Essay -- Othello essays

Othello the Outsider   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Shakespeare's tragic hero, Othello, was a man whose gifts far outnumbered his weaknesses. On the battlefield, he was accomplished; in his profession, he was highly ranked; and, in his life, he was blissfully married. Despite these great advantages, however, Othello's destiny was ruin. Everything he had so carefully made for himself would be destroyed by one flaw: his fear of remaining an outsider. He feared this fate, yet he harped on it continuously, tearing himself between his identity as a foreigner and his desire to live as a normal citizen. Even so far back as his first public speech, perturbations caused by this internal unrest surfaced, and it was unrest that would ultimately lead to his horrible and complete undoing.      Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Othello's first speech is an address to the Venetian council, through which he introduces himself to the council members. Brabantio, Desdemona's angered father, has accused Othello of bewitching his daughter and stealing her away into marriage, and Othello is defending himself against these charges. To start his case, he begins thusly, "Most potent, grave, and reverend signors, / My very noble and approved good masters, / That I have ta'en away this old man's daughter, / It is most true; true I have married her" (page 19). Just by itself, this is perhaps the most poetic stanza of the play to this point, yet he continues it in short order with, "...Rude am I in my speech, / And little blessed with the soft phrase of peace" (page 19). Now, only seven lines into Othello's first public text, he has already made use of his outsider status. By humbling himself amidst spectacular oration, he is appearing non-threatening to the judges, while still making a great case. T. .. ... true; true I have married her. The very head and front of my offending Hath this extent, no more. Rude am I in my speech, And little blessed with the soft phrase of peace; For since these arms of mine had seven years' pith Till now some nine moons wasted, they have used Their dearest action in the tented field; And little of this great world can I speak More than pertains to feats of broils and battle; And therefore little shall I grace my cause In speaking for myself. Yet, by your gracious patience, I will a round unvarnished tale deliver Of my whole course of love - what drugs, what charms, What conjuration, and what mighty magic (For such proceeding I am charged withal) I won his daughter.    Works Consulted    The Tragedy of Othello the Moor of Venice, William Shakespeare, I.III.76-94   

Bee Biology

Discuss pesticide problems relating to beekeeping, including symptoms, distinguishing from disease and preventing pesticide impact. Adult Parasites: †¢ Varroa Mites o Caused by the parasitic mite called Varroa Destructor (Buncombe Country Beekeepers Association, 2007). o Symptoms include: existence of adult mites on adult bees, brood, or hive debris; adults have their abdomens shortened, wings distorted, and legs are deformed; and lastly, adult population and brood area declines dramatically, with blotchy brood pattern (North Carolina State University, 2007).o It can be prevented through using screened bottom boards, mite-tolerant stocks, drone-blood trapping, and management of still dusts (North Carolina State University, 2007). o Varroa mites can be detected using sugar shake or ether roll, sticky board, alcohol wash, or drone-blood inspection or visual inspection. o Treatments: Spring (before honey flow) o The use of volatile treatment (thymol, formic acid, etc) should not be used for they can cause reduction in the brood area. Appropriate dosage of Apistan or checkmite+ can be used as long as the mites have not formerly developed a resistance (Buncombe Country Beekeepers Association, 2007).Late spring/summer (during/immediately following honey flow) ? Chemical treatments should never be used while hone supers are on hives. o Exploit one or more systems of preclusion, for instance, the use of screened bottom boards or mite-tolerant stock (Buncombe Country Beekeepers Association, 2007). Autumn (preparing for winter) ? Test regularly for mites, if possible once a month. o Alternate treatments regularly to lessen the comprehensive exposure of any chemical for mites (Buncombe Country Beekeepers Association, 2007). †¢ Nosema o Caused by the protozoan, Nosema apiso Stress from periods of long confinement, fast brood build-up, sustenance discrepancy and bad weather are some factors that may cause the existence of Nosema (Stanford, 2003). o Symptoms consis t of distension of the abdomens and paralyzed behaviors of adults. o In order to control the disease, practice proper management technique while using the antibiotic fumagilin (Fumidil B, Nosem X) (Stanford, 2003). †¢ Other adult bee diseases include rickettsial disease, amoeba disease, spiroplasmas, and many others. Brood Diseases: †¢ American Foulbroodo Caused by spore-forming bacterium called Paenibacillus larvae larvae (Stanford, 2003). o Symptoms consist of sour or â€Å"of a glue pot† odor; pierced or sunken capping; and resultant sticky black scales (Stanford, 2003). o To prevent the disease secure hygienic stocks; avoid robbing by keeping colonies strong; minimize comb swapping between hives; replace three combs in the brood chamber every year with foundation or drawn combs from honey supers; and disinfect bee hives or suspect frames and brood boxes at the NCDA fumigation chamber using ethylene oxide (North Carolina State University, 2007).o If the disease i s already present, treatments include burning of all frames and euthanizing of bees; scorching or fumigation of empty brood boxes, bottom boards, inner covers, and lids; lastly, contact your regional Apiary inspector (North Carolina State University, 2007). †¢ European Foulbrood o Caused by the bacterium Melissococcus pluton and associated flora o Symptoms include a characteristic odor; rare presence of perforated or hollow cappings; and a resultant black scale, which is often twisted in its cell (Stanford, 2003).o To prevent the disease, maintain a strong and healthy colony. o To treat the disease: maintain a hive quarantine and be vigilant for re-emergent signs of the disease; for light infections, reduce the area of the brood nest, replace infected combs with foundation, and keep the colony strong; for more serious infection, treat with terramycin, feed to colonies in powdered sugar by dusting on the top of the brood nest (North Carolina State University, 2007).†¢ Other brood diseases include chalkbrood, stonebrood, sacbrood, and Purple brood. Pests and Predators: †¢ Wax moth o Symptoms include: large larvae tunneling through the wax combs of weak hives or stored bee equipment; and presence of silk cocoons in infested hives or equipments (North Carolina State University, 2007). o Treatment recommendations include: storing of unused combs with PDB crystals. Never place crystals on a living colony, as the fumes are highly toxic to adult bees and brood.In case of heavy infestations, freeze combs for 1-2 days before reusing (North Carolina State University, 2007). †¢ Small Hive Beetle o Symptoms include: presence of adult beetles and eggs or larvae; watery, fermenting comb with small white grubs eating the wax; and larvae crawling out of the front entrance of the hive and burrowing into the soil (North Carolina State University, 2007). o If there are adults, tape half a strip of checkmite+ beneath a square of corrugated cardboard placed on t he bottom board of hive.If larvae are present: replace infected combs with foundation, then urn them or freeze them; Apply GuardStar soil drench around the perimeter of the hive to kill developing pupae in the ground around the hive (North Carolina State University, 2007). o Other pests in the honey bee colonies include ants, robber flies, mantids, yellowjackets, and other wasps (Stanford, 2003). 2. Describe the setup of a good honey house, indicating positive aspects of your arrangement. For the rural areas, Vautier Hive is ideal.It allows the bee keeper to produce good quality honey with fewer costs in building it. The hive is made from cement to protect the colonies from bad weather, bush fires and predators (BeesforDevelopment, 2006). The heavy weight of the hives will make it hard for the thieves to steal those (Volunteers for Africa Sustainable Natural Resource Management, 2006). The vautier hive should be raised off the ground on rocks or tires. The bee colony dwells in a sma ll volume that is needed. At harvest time, just open the hive, remove the flames that are full of honey and replace them with new flames.Close the hives until the next harvest(BeesforDevelopment, 2006). The hive produces 20-25 kg of honey per year (Volunteers for Africa Sustainable Natural Resource Management, 2006). †¢ Materials needed: o Cement o Lumber, bamboo or branches o Wooden mould †¢ The width of the hive should be twice than its height. Interior dimensions should be smaller. Create an entrance hole in the bottom of one side (BeesforDevelopment, 2006). Put a platform in front of entrance then make a ventilation hole at the back (BeesforDevelopment Inc. , 2007).†¢ The 22 frames should all have a top-bar and 2 triangles. Any long and stiff piece of wood can be used for top-bar. Cut the triangles from a square or rectangular piece of wood. Glue the triangles under the top-bar, making sure that all the frames are the same size (BeesforDevelopment, 2006). †¢ In order to encourage the bees to use the frames properly, put wax guides or foundation to the top-bar, centered and running the whole length of the top-bar, all the way to the edges of the triangles (BeesforDevelopment Inc. , 2007).

Fundaments Operations of Aircraft Propellers

Contents Abstract Introduction Pitch Blades Forced Acting on a Propeller Propellers Types Fixed-Pitch Propeller Ground-Adjustable Variable-Pitch Propeller Constant-Speed Propeller Appendix 1 References Abstract: _This text outlines the fundaments operations and aspects of aircraft propellers. It details the components, forces and workings of a propeller as well as discussing the difference between the different propeller types. _ Introduction: Propeller types are defined by blade pitch as being fixed or variable which will be further detailed later in the text. To fully appreciate the differences and understand the advantages of different pitched propellers we must first consider the fundamental characteristics of propellers. Usually propellers have two, three, or four blades; for high-speed or high-powered airplanes, six or more blades are used. In some cases these propellers have an equal number of opposite rotating blades on the same shaft, and are known as dual-rotation propellers. Small single engine aircraft have the propeller mounted on the front as multi-engine aircraft have them set on the wings. Pitch: What is pitch? Pitch is important as it is the main differential from propeller type to propeller type. Essentially pitch relates to the angle of the blade in respects to a flat plane. It is the helical blade path or simpler the distance the propeller blade covers during a full rotation and the cut it has on the air. Pitch is referred to in two ways, fine and coarse. A fine pitch propeller has a low blade angle, will try to move forward a small distance through the air with each rotation, and will take a ‘small' bite of the air. It requires relatively low power to rotate, allowing high propeller speed to be developed, but achieving only limited airspeed. This is like having a low gear in your automobile. (Brandon 2008) A coarse pitch propeller has a high blade angle, will try to advance a long distance through the air with each rotation, and will take a big ‘bite' of the air. It requires greater power to rotate, limiting the propeller speed that can be developed, but achieving high airspeeds. This is like having a high gear in your automobile. (Brandon 2008) The Blades: The propeller blades are in fact aerofoils producing lift and drag. As the propeller spins the leading edge of the blade cut through the atmosphere and accelerates a tube of air or_ relative airflow _the diameter of the propeller moving the aircraft forward. This rotation is able to work because the propeller blades are designed slightly different to wing aerofoils as they have a small twist in them so that the greatest angle is at the blade root and the smallest at the top, due to the different angle and speed that each section of the blade travels. These _blade _elements are in place at different angles because the linear velocity increase towards the tip of the blade as it has a greater distance to travel, the_ _angles prevent bending making each section advance through the air at the same rate. The blade angles combined with the forward motion and the circular rotation of the propeller keep constant the best angle of attack (AOA). The twist causes the blade path to follow an approximate helical path easiest seen in a linear form. This action is similar to a screw being turned in a solid surface, except that in the case of the propeller a slippage occurs because air is a fluid. Forces Acting on the Propeller: Aircraft that are not jet powered use a propeller which converts the rotational power from an aircrafts engine into aerodynamic forces; thrust power moving the aircraft forward through the atmosphere and propeller torque which acts in the plane of rotation. The plane of rotation is perpendicular to the propeller shaft. Propellers are conventionally placed in front of the engine on the engine drive shaft. During cruising flight the propeller torque balances the engine torque and the thrust balances the aircrafts drag force. The propeller rotates clock wise and when the forces are not balance the torque reaction increases a rolling friction on the aircraft. As the blades produce a thrust force, the thrust force pulls on the thinnest section of the blade attempting to bend the tips. For single engine aircraft with the propeller mounted on the front the clockwise rotation creates a vortex of air or slipstream that flows around and down the fuselage to the rudder which affects the lateral movement of the aircraft or a slight yaw to the left during cruising flight Variable-pitched propellers can have their blade angles/pitch altered and will be further explained. Two different forces experienced in these propellers can affect the blade angle. Centrifugal twisting moment (CTM) Aerodynamic twisting moment (ATM) CTM causes pulling stress at the base of the blade and a twisting force at the pitch change axis produce a finer pitch angle. The blade will want to align itself with the plane of rotation. The relative airflow over the blades produces a total reaction, an ATM where the total reaction is ahead of the pitch change axis, tempting the blade to twist, increasing the blade angle producing a coarser pitch. Windmilling propeller – Occurs when the propeller drives the engine. Caused by; steep dive with no power, sudden reduction in power, engine failure, causing the blades to twist to a finer pitch. Propeller Types: As stated earlier pitch is a main component between propeller functions. Under the classification of fixed and variable pitch propellers there are four common types, fixed-pitch, ground-adjustable, variable-pitch and constant-speed propeller. The first two are fixed propellers as the other two are variable. There are a few versions of variable-pitch propellers that may be seen in the aviation industry, two-position propeller, in flight-adjustable propeller, automatic propeller and the constant-speed propeller. The most commonly used at present will be concentrated on, elaborating on fixed through to the variable propellers and the enhancements of pitch control. Fixed-pitch propeller:_ _ The cheapest and crudest propulsion aero-device is the fixed-pitch propeller. Although it has been superseded many a time it is the most common type of propeller used in sport aviation. The fix-pitch means that the pitch of the propeller is decided by the manufacture, there is only one setting and the performance of the aircraft is confined by the constraint of that one setting. This means to reach the optimum RPM/airspeed the propeller has to function through inefficient speeds. Normally there are two versions, a climb propeller with a fine pitch setting or a cruise propeller with a coarse pitch setting. Ground-adjustable propeller: The pitch for a ground-adjustable propeller is able to be set for the condition of flying the aircraft will be doing but only before the flight. However it is still a fixed propeller as once the pitch is set in cannot be changed during the operation of the aircraft. These propellers are mainly installed on ultra light and experimental aircraft. More usually they are used as a low cost way to try out various pitches to determine the propeller pitch that best suits an aircraft. Variable-pitch propeller :_ _ A variable-pitch propeller is exactly what the name implies; the pitch can be controlled and adjusted in flight to the most efficient setting for a certain phases of flight. Simply during take-off the propeller would be set to a fine pitch allowing the engine to develop reasonable revs and then to a coarser pitch during cruising flight speed. The engine will be ticking over comfortable while the propeller cuts through more air. Combine this with throttle control a wide variety of power settings can be achieved maintaining airspeeds with the limits of the aircrafts engine speeds. This feature of a variable-pitch propeller will provide you with performance advantages, including: Reduced take-off roll and improved climb erformance. Fine pitch allows the engine to reach maximum speed and hence maximum power at low airspeeds. Vital for take-off, climb, and for a go-around on landing. (Brandon, 2008) Improved fuel efficiency and greater range. Coarse pitch allows the desired aircraft speed to be maintained with a lower throttle setting and slower propeller speed, so maintaining efficiency and improving range. (Brandon, 2008) Higher top speed. Coarse pitch will ensure your engine does not over speed while the propeller absorbs high power, producing a higher top speed. (Brandon, 2008) Steeper descent and shorter landing roll. With a fine pitch and low throttle setting, a slow turning propeller is able to add to the aircraft's drag, so slowing the aircraft quicker on landing. (Brandon, 2008) Constant-speed propeller : The constant-speed propeller is a special case of variable pitch, which is considered in a family of its own, and offers particular operating benefits. A constant-speed propeller allows the pilot to control the power just by the throttle once the propeller/engine speed has been optimally selected (actually controlling the absolute pressure of the fuel/air mix in the intake manifold [MAP] which then determines power output). This is controlled by a governor or constant speed unit (CSU) which detects the propeller speed and acts to keep it at the selected engine/propeller speed selected by the pilot and vice versa. If the propeller speed increases then the CSU will increase the pitch a little to bring the speed back within the limits. Thus creating vastly efficient running components during phases of flight (The governor or constant speed unit [CSU]_ may be an electronic device that detects the rotational speed of a slip-ring incorporated in the propeller hub, and controls operation of a servomotor/leadscrew pitch change actuator in the hub assembly. Or, it may be an hydraulic fly-ball governor attached to the engine, using engine oil to operate a hydraulic pitch change piston in the hub assembly. In the first case, the cockpit control device is likely to be knobs and switches. In the hydraulic system, the governor is likely to be cable operated from a cockpit lever — JB. _ (Brandon, 2008) While allowing the pilot to ignore the propeller for most of the time, the pilot must still choose the most appropriate engine/propeller speed for the different phases of flight. Take-off, go-around and landing. A high speed setting is used when maximum power is needed for a short time such as on take-off. The high speed setting may also be used to keep the propeller pitch low during approach and landing, to provide the desired drag and be ready for a go-around should it be required. (Brandon, 2008) Climb and high speed cruise. A medium speed setting is used when high power is needed on a continuous basis, such as during an extended climb, or high speed cruise. (Brandon, 2008) Economic cruise. A low speed setting is used for a comfortable cruise with a low engine speed. This operation produces low fuel consumption and longer range, while the advantages of low noise and low engine wear are also enjoyed. (Brandon, 2008) *Appendix 1: – *Description*s* (ThaiTechnics) Leading Edge of the airfoil is the cutting edge that slices into the air. As the leading edge cuts the air, air flows over the blade face and the camber side. {draw:frame} Blade Face is the surface of the propeller blade that corresponds to the lower surface of an airfoil or flat side, we called Blade Face. {draw:frame} Blade Back / Thrust Face is the curved surface of the airfoil. {draw:frame} Blade Shank (Root) is the section of the blade nearest the hub. Blade Tip is the outer end of the blade farthest from the hub. Plane of Rotation is an imaginary plane perpendicular to the shaft. It is the plane that contains the circle in which the blades rotate. {draw:frame} Blade Angle is formed between the face of an element and the plane of rotation. The blade angle throughout the length of the blade is not the same. The reason for placing the blade element sections at different angles is because the various sections of the blade travel at different speed. Each element must be designed as part of the blade to operate at its own best angle of attack to create thrust when revolving at its best design speed {draw:frame} *Blade Elements* are the airfoil sections joined side by side to form the blade airfoil. These elements are placed at different angles in rotation of the plane of rotation. The reason for placing the blade element sections at different angles is because the various sections of the blade travel at different speeds. The inner part of the blade section travels slower than the outer part near the tip of the blade. If all the elements along a blade is at the same blade angle, the relative wind will not strike the elements at the same angle of attack. This is because of the different in velocity of the blade element due to distance from the centre of rotation. {draw:frame} Relative Wind is the air that strikes and passes over the airfoil as the airfoil is driven through the air. Angle of Attack is the angle between the chord of the element and the relative wind. The best efficiency of the propeller is obtained at an angle of attack around 2 to 4 degrees. Blade Path is the path of the direction of the blade element moves. {draw:frame} Pitch refers to the distance a spiral threaded object moves forward in one revolution. As a wood screw moves forward when turned in wood, same with the propeller move forward when turn in the air. Geometric Pitch is the theoretical distance a propeller would advance in one revolution. {draw:frame} Effective Pitch is the actual distance a propeller advances in one revolution in the air. The effective pitch is always shorter than geometric pitch due to the fact that air is a fluid and always slips*. *

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